Purpose: The present study investigated the obstacle avoidance strategies of patients with chronic stroke according to the height of the obstacle when obstacle crossing. Methods: For this purpose, Nine healthy older (control group) and 10 chronic stroke patients (experimental group) participated in the study. The kinematic characteristics of obstacle avoidance strategies according to two obstacle height conditions (i.e., 5cm and 15cm) were measured with the take-off distance, toe clearance, and landing distance during obstacles crossing. Results: The results showed that chronic stroke patients had relatively shorter take-off distances and landing distances during obstacles crossing than healthy older adults. Chronic stroke patients also had a higher toe clearance when passing obstacles compared to healthy older adults. Conclusion: The results suggests that compensation and avoidance strategies for stroke patients to prevent falls and perform effective during obstacle crossing. In conclusion, these results indicate that changes in motor ability to overcome movement restrictions appeared to influence the planning of stepping strategies rather than the execution for obstacle crossing performance in healthy older adults.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the influence of OPTIMAL theory(Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016) on dart throwing accuracy. Methods: A total of 24 participants were randomly assigned into two groups (optimized vs. yoked). The dart throwing task was to throw the dart pin towards the bulls-eye of the dart board from 2m apart. The accuracy scores were determined by 10 scales of centric circles around the bulls-eye. The experiment was proceeded in the order of 1. pre-test 2. practice phase 3. retention test 4. transfer test. The dependent variables of this study were confirming the application level of OPTIMAL theory, dart throwing accuracy, self-efficacy, and emotional experiences(positive affect & negative affect). Results: First, the high application level of OPTIMAL theory were confirmed in the practice phase. Second, optimized group performed better in the practice phase and showed significant difference in the retention & transfer test. Third, optimized group showed significantly higher self-efficacy and positive affect. Conclusion: The OPTIMAL theory could induce positive learning effect in dart throwing accuracy, self-efficacy, and positive affect. These beneficial results imply that OPTIMAL theory must considered when organizing the motor-learning program.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the factors contributing to the establishment of new Korean records in athletes them based on sports talented. Methods: As of May 2021, data were collected by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews with 15 of the 57 players who set new records in Korea registered with the Korea Athletics Federation. Results: The research showed two main findings. First, Koreans record-setting sports performances showed a degree centrality of correlation with the following game, think, records, support, and training. There is also a high connection with closeness centrality in the following think, competition, records, training and condition and connection betweenness centrality in the following a new Korean records, new records, support, records, concentration. Second, the factors contributing to the performance of setting a new Korean records are centered on the game and thoughts. Physical intelligence refers to the perfection of the body, excellence in physical strength, stability of technology, and excellence in the sense of movement, and competition intelligence refers to the use of game management, adaptation to the game environment, and immersion in the field of view. Psychological intelligence consists of psychological factors stability, self-confidence expression, concentration expression, overcoming anxiety and fears, and goal achievement. The surrounding environment includes environment and weather help, facility optimization, rivals, accumulation of game experience, leader’s support, and support of major significant other, and the interaction of these factors contributes to the establishment of a new Korean records. Conclusion: This study’s value is understanding the data for improving sports performance and the contributing factors in Koreans records-setting.

Purpose: This study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence, flow used by elite shooters during the competition and the effect of emotional intelligence and flow on the performance. Methods: In order to achieve the research purpose, 201 elite shooters responded to questionnaires, and the survey was conducted online according to the guideline of COVID-19. In addition, the collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and multiple regression. Results: Firstly, the validity of emotional intelligence and flow was was similar to previous studies. Secondly, emotional intelligence according to affiliation showed that college shooters have a higher level of emotional utilization than professional and national shoooters. Thirdly, it was found that college shooters experienced high level of flow. Finally, as a result of examining the factors of emotional intelligence and flow that affect the competition score, it was found that the emotional control of emotional intelligence and the modified sense of time of flow affect competition score. Conclusion: These results gives valuable information to shooters that emotion control and flow have positive effect on shooting performance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the functional relationship between cognitive performance and actual performance by analyzing the difference in accuracy and consistency of golf putting according to cognitive ability in working memory. Methods: A total of 20 male college students and 10 female college students, who had never received golf putting training before, participated in the experiment. We first measured the participants’ cognitive performance in working memory for golf putting using a program (MCM; Movement Cognition Measurement) that was developed for the purpose of the study. Based on the measured results, the groups were classified into top 15 participants with high cognitive performance and 15 participants with relatively low cognitive performance. All participants performed 30 putts, 10 times each at distances of 1m, 2m, and 3m, respectively. The measured data were converted into radial and variable error values to analyze the accuracy and consistency of putting performance. In addition, the correlation between the accuracy of cognitive performance and putting performance was analyzed. Results: It was revealed that the group with high cognitive performance in working memory showed significantly higher accuracy and consistency of actual putting performance than the group with low cognitive performance. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between cognitive performance in working memory and actual putting performance. Conclusion: These results suggest that cognitive performance in working memory can have a positive effect on actual performance, and that as cognitive performance improves, actual performance can also improve. Taken together, the results of this study show that cognitive ability in working memory and actual performance are functionally linked, suggesting that cognitive ability can contribute to the improvement of skill performance.

Purpose: Based on the goal content theory, the purpose of this study was to provide useful information for coaching and counseling youth athletes by confirming the content of life goals that youth athletes want to pursue throughout their lives and verifying the effect of life goals on self-regulation. Methods: For this, data were collected from 347 male and female athletes in 18 individual and group sports currently attending middle and high schools through internet surveys and field surveys, and the results were analyzed using factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis methods. Results: First, the life goals of youth athletes were converged into three types of intrinsic goals (growth & health, relationship, and contribution) and three types of extrinsic goals (material, honor & popularity, and image). Second, youth athletes perceived intrinsic goals as relatively more important, and there were significant differences in intrinsic and extrinsic goals according to gender, school level (middle and high school), sport type (individual and group), and perceived athletic competence. Third, the life goal content significantly predicted goal-focused self-regulation, which is a motivational characteristic. In particular, the influence of intrinsic life goals was great. Conclusion: These results are expected to help psychological counseling and sports coaching for exercise or academic adaptation by providing basic information on the contents of student athletes' life goals and the motivational characteristics of their life goals.